An INNER JOIN is a term used in SQL (Structured Query Language) to combine rows from two (or more) tables based on a related column between them.
You have two tables:
Table: Customers
CustomerID | Name |
---|---|
1 | Anna |
2 | Bernd |
3 | Clara |
Table: Orders
OrderID | CustomerID | Product |
---|---|---|
101 | 1 | Book |
102 | 2 | Laptop |
103 | 4 | Phone |
Now you want to know which customers have placed orders. You only want the customers who exist in both tables.
SELECT Customers.Name, Orders.Product
FROM Customers
INNER JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID;
Name | Product |
---|---|
Anna | Book |
Bernd | Laptop |
Clara didn’t place any orders → not included.
The order with CustomerID 4 doesn’t match any customer → also excluded.
An INNER JOIN returns only the rows with matching values in both tables.
An explicit join is a clear and direct way to define a join in an SQL query, where the type of join (such as INNER JOIN
, LEFT JOIN
, RIGHT JOIN
, or FULL OUTER JOIN
) is explicitly stated.
SELECT *
FROM customers
INNER JOIN orders
ON customers.customer_id = orders.customer_id;
This makes it clear:
Which tables are being joined (customers
, orders
)
What kind of join is used (INNER JOIN
)
What the join condition is (ON customers.customer_id = orders.customer_id
)
An implicit join is the older style, using a comma in the FROM
clause, and putting the join condition in the WHERE
clause:
SELECT *
FROM customers, orders
WHERE customers.customer_id = orders.customer_id;
This works the same, but it's less clear and not ideal for complex queries.
More readable and structured, especially with multiple tables
Clear separation of join conditions (ON
) and filter conditions (WHERE
)
Recommended in modern SQL development
The Flask Framework is a popular, lightweight web framework for the Python programming language. It's widely used for developing web applications and APIs and is known for its simplicity and flexibility. Flask is a micro-framework, meaning it provides only the core functionalities needed for web development without unnecessary extras. This keeps it lightweight and customizable.
Flask-SQLAlchemy
or Flask-Login
.Flask is particularly suited for:
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
return 'Hello, World!'
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True)
Compared to Django (a more comprehensive Python web framework), Flask is less opinionated and provides more freedom. While Django follows a "batteries-included" philosophy with many features built-in, Flask is ideal when you want to build only the parts you need.
Strapi is a headless CMS (Content Management System) built with JavaScript, designed specifically for developers. It offers a flexible and open solution for managing content and APIs. Here's an overview of Strapi's key features:
Kirby CMS is a flexible, file-based Content Management System (CMS) designed for developers and designers who value maximum control over their projects. Created by Bastian Allgeier, it is known for its minimalist approach and high adaptability. Here are the key features of Kirby CMS:
Kirby stores content in simple text files (usually Markdown or YAML) instead of relying on a database like MySQL. This makes it ideal for small to medium-sized projects where setting up and maintaining a database is unnecessary.
Kirby doesn’t come with pre-built themes, giving developers complete freedom to create templates and layouts from scratch. It’s PHP-based, allowing you to design dynamic websites tailored to your needs.
The Panel is an intuitive interface for editors to manage content. It provides a clear structure and can be customized to meet the specific requirements of each project, ensuring a user-friendly experience.
Kirby is particularly appealing to web developers because it:
Kirby isn’t free. While you can test it without cost, a license is required for live, production use. This ensures high-quality, ad-free development, making it a popular choice for professional projects.
Kirby is suitable for:
Kirby CMS is perfect for projects that demand maximum flexibility and control. It combines straightforward content management with powerful developer tools, making it a favorite among designers and developers who want to build bespoke websites from scratch.
MariaDB is a relational database management system (RDBMS) developed as an open-source alternative to MySQL. It was created in 2009 by the original MySQL developers after MySQL was acquired by Oracle. The goal was to provide a fully open, compatible version of MySQL that remains independent.
MySQL Compatibility:
Enhanced Features:
Active Development:
MariaDB is a powerful and flexible database solution, highly valued for its openness, security, and compatibility with MySQL. It is an excellent choice for developers and organizations looking for a reliable open-source database.
The LEMP stack is a collection of software commonly used together to host dynamic websites and web applications. The acronym "LEMP" represents the individual components of the stack:
Linux: The operating system that serves as the foundation for the stack. It supports the other software components.
Nginx (pronounced "Engine-X"): A high-performance, resource-efficient web server. Nginx is often preferred because it scales better for handling simultaneous connections compared to Apache.
MySQL (or MariaDB): The relational database used to store data. MySQL is commonly paired with PHP to generate dynamic content. Modern setups often use MariaDB, a fork of MySQL.
PHP, Python, or Perl: The scripting language used for server-side programming. PHP is particularly popular in web development for rendering database-driven dynamic content on web pages.
The LEMP stack is a modern alternative to the better-known LAMP stack, which uses Apache as the web server.
An object-oriented database management system (OODBMS) is a type of database system that combines the principles of object-oriented programming (OOP) with the functionality of a database. It allows data to be stored, retrieved, and managed as objects, similar to how they are defined in object-oriented programming languages like Java, Python, or C++.
Object Model:
Classes and Inheritance:
Encapsulation:
Persistence:
Object Identity (OID):
Complex Data Types:
Object-oriented databases are particularly useful for managing complex, hierarchical, or nested data structures commonly found in modern software applications.
Object Query Language (OQL) is a query language similar to SQL (Structured Query Language) but specifically designed for object-oriented databases. It is used to query data from object-oriented database systems (OODBs), which store data as objects. OQL was defined as part of the Object Data Management Group (ODMG) standard.
Object-Oriented Focus:
SQL-Like Syntax:
Querying Complex Objects:
Support for Methods:
Integration with Object-Oriented Languages:
Suppose there is a database with a class Person
that has the attributes Name
and Age
. An OQL query might look like this:
SELECT p.Name
FROM Person p
WHERE p.Age > 30
This query retrieves the names of all people whose age is greater than 30.
In practice, OQL is less popular than SQL since relational databases are still dominant. However, OQL is very powerful in specialized applications that utilize object-oriented data models.
Data Definition Language (DDL) is a part of SQL (Structured Query Language) that deals with defining and managing the structure of a database. DDL commands modify the metadata of a database, such as information about tables, schemas, indexes, and other database objects, rather than manipulating the actual data.
1. CREATE
Used to create new database objects like tables, schemas, views, or indexes.
Example:
CREATE TABLE Kunden (
ID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(50),
Alter INT
);
2. ALTER
Used to modify the structure of existing objects, such as adding or removing columns.
Example:
ALTER TABLE Kunden ADD Email VARCHAR(100);
3. DROP
Permanently deletes a database object, such as a table.
Example:
DROP TABLE Kunden;
4. TRUNCATE
Removes all data from a table while keeping its structure intact. It is faster than DELETE
as it does not generate transaction logs.
Example:
TRUNCATE TABLE Kunden;
DDL is essential for designing and managing a database and is typically used during the initial setup or when structural changes are required.