The SLD (Second-Level Domain) is the part of a domain name that appears directly to the left of the Top-Level Domain (TLD).
In the domain
👉 example.com
.com
is the TLD (Top-Level Domain)
example
is the SLD (Second-Level Domain)
Level | Example |
---|---|
Top-Level Domain | .com |
Second-Level Domain | example |
Subdomain (optional) | www. or e.g. blog. |
Domain | SLD | TLD |
---|---|---|
google.de |
google |
.de |
wikipedia.org |
wikipedia |
.org |
meinshop.example.com |
example |
.com |
The SLD is usually the custom, chosen part of the domain—often representing a company name, brand, or project. It's the most recognizable and memorable part of a domain name.
A hyperscaler is a company that provides cloud services on a massive scale — offering IT infrastructure such as computing power, storage, and networking that is flexible, highly available, and globally scalable. Common examples of hyperscalers include:
Microsoft Azure
Google Cloud Platform (GCP)
Alibaba Cloud
IBM Cloud (on a somewhat smaller scale)
Massive scalability
They can scale their services virtually without limits, depending on the customer's needs.
Global infrastructure
Their data centers are distributed worldwide, enabling high availability, low latency, and redundancy.
Automation & standardization
Many operations are automated (e.g., provisioning, monitoring, billing), making services more efficient and cost-effective.
Self-service & pay-as-you-go
Customers usually access services via web portals or APIs and pay only for what they actually use.
Innovation platform
Hyperscalers offer not only infrastructure (IaaS), but also platform services (PaaS), as well as tools for AI, big data, or IoT.
Hosting websites or web applications
Data storage (e.g., backups, archives)
Big data analytics
Machine learning / AI
Streaming services
Corporate IT infrastructure
Puppet is an open-source configuration management tool used to automate IT infrastructure. It helps provision, configure, and manage servers and software automatically. Puppet is widely used in DevOps and cloud environments.
✅ Declarative Language: Infrastructure is described using a domain-specific language (DSL).
✅ Agent-Master Architecture: A central Puppet server distributes configurations to clients (agents).
✅ Idempotency: Changes are only applied if necessary.
✅ Cross-Platform Support: Works on Linux, Windows, macOS, and cloud environments.
✅ Modularity: Large community with many prebuilt modules.
A Puppet manifest (.pp
file) might look like this:
package { 'nginx':
ensure => installed,
}
service { 'nginx':
ensure => running,
enable => true,
require => Package['nginx'],
}
file { '/var/www/html/index.html':
ensure => file,
content => '<h1>Hello, Puppet!</h1>',
require => Service['nginx'],
}
🔹 This Puppet script ensures that Nginx is installed, running, enabled on startup, and serves a simple HTML page.
1️⃣ Write a manifest (.pp
files) defining the desired configurations.
2️⃣ Puppet Master sends configurations to Puppet Agents (servers/clients).
3️⃣ Puppet Agent checks system state and applies only necessary changes.
Puppet is widely used in large IT infrastructures to maintain consistency and efficiency.
A TLD (Top-Level Domain) is the last part of a web address, appearing after the final dot. Examples include .com, .de, .org, or .edu. It is a fundamental part of domain names and plays a key role in internet addressing.
Generic TLDs (gTLDs):
These are general and not tied to a specific country, such as:
Country-Code TLDs (ccTLDs):
These are specific to a country or region, for example:
New TLDs:
Recently, more specific TLDs have been introduced, such as:
Sponsored TLDs (sTLDs):
These are reserved for specific organizations or communities, such as:
TLDs help organize domains into a hierarchical structure. They are managed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and the ICANN.
In the domain www.example.com:
Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a cloud computing model that provides a platform for developers to build, deploy, and manage applications without worrying about the underlying infrastructure. PaaS is offered by cloud providers and includes tools, frameworks, and services to streamline the development process.
In summary, PaaS enables fast, simple, and flexible application development while eliminating the complexity of managing infrastructure.
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a local network that covers a limited geographic area, such as a home, office, school, or building. Its purpose is to connect computers and devices, such as printers, routers, or servers, so they can share data and resources.
Unlike a WAN (e.g., the internet), a LAN is focused on a smaller area, offering better control and security.
Dev Space is a cloud-based development environment that allows developers to create fully configurable workspaces for software development directly in the cloud. It provides tools and resources to set up a development environment without needing to install or configure software locally.
Dev Space offers a modern solution for developer teams that want to work flexibly and remotely, without the complexity of setting up and maintaining local development environments.
Helm is an open-source package manager for Kubernetes, a container orchestration platform. With Helm, applications, services, and configurations can be defined, managed, and installed as Charts. A Helm Chart is essentially a collection of YAML files that describe all the resources and dependencies of an application in Kubernetes.
Helm simplifies the process of deploying and managing complex Kubernetes applications. Instead of manually creating and configuring all Kubernetes resources, you can use a Helm Chart to automate and make the process repeatable. Helm offers features like version control, rollbacks (reverting to previous versions of an application), and an easy way to update or uninstall applications.
Here are some key concepts:
In essence, Helm greatly simplifies the management and deployment of Kubernetes applications.
A module in software development is a self-contained unit or component of a larger system that performs a specific function or task. It operates independently but often works with other modules to enable the overall functionality of the system. Modules are designed to be independently developed, tested, and maintained, which increases flexibility and code reusability.
Key characteristics of a module include:
Examples of modules include functions for user management, database access, or payment processing within a software application.
A Modulith is a term from software architecture that combines the concepts of a module and a monolith. It refers to a software module that is relatively independent but still part of a larger monolithic system. Unlike a pure monolith, which is a tightly coupled and often difficult-to-scale system, a modulith organizes the code into more modular and maintainable components with clear separation of concerns.
The core idea of a modulith is to structure the system in a way that allows parts of it to be modular, making it easier to decouple and break down into smaller pieces without having to redesign the entire monolithic system. While it is still deployed as part of a monolith, it has better organization and could be on the path toward a microservices-like architecture.
A modulith is often seen as a transitional step between a traditional monolith architecture and a microservices architecture, aiming for more modularity over time without completely abandoning the complexity of a monolithic system.